SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF USING FAT SUBSTITUTE IN SEMI-FINISHED FISH PRODUCTS
Authors:
1.
Kaliningrad State Technical University
(Postgraduate Student of the Department of Food Technology)
from 01.01.2020 until now
Kaliningrad, Kalinigrad, Russian Federation
from 01.01.2020 until now
Kaliningrad, Kalinigrad, Russian Federation
2.
Kaliningrad State Technical University
(Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor; Assistant Professor of the Department of Food Technology)
3.
Kaliningrad State Technical University
(Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor; Vice Rector for Academic Affairs)
Kalinigrad, Russian Federation
Kalinigrad, Russian Federation
4.
Kaliningrad State Technical University
(Candidate of Biology, Assistant Professor; Assistant Professor of the Department of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture)
5.
Kaliningrad State Technical University
(Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor;Assistant Professor of the Department of Food Technology)
Type:
Article
Pages:
from 66
to 73
Status:
Published
Received:
24.05.2022
Accepted:
19.09.2022
Published:
28.09.2022
Subject area:
UDK 639.3.043.13 Рациональное кормление
Language:
English
Keywords:
semi-finished fish products, fat substitute, shelf life, aquaculture, carp
Abstract (English):
Fish products play an essential role in ensuring food security as one of the most important components of human nutrition. Irreplaceability and special value of fish is determined by its well-balanced chemical composition. First of all, it is a source of complete protein. Currently, aquaculture is one of the fastest growing areas of bioresources development. Carp is the main object of pond fish farming in the Kaliningrad region. Processing carp with good rheological properties will have a great practical importance in the production of minced fish and its further use in semi-finished products and culinary products. One of the promising areas for the growth of processing technologies is manufacturing products ready for consumption, that is why the development of technology for semi-finished fish products from carp is very promising. Fish wastes processing has also been widely developed and used in the produc-tion of various food products. There are presented the results of determining the shelf life of semi-finished fish products (sausages) with and without fat substitute based on the sanitary-microbiological and organoleptic studies using the developed method and a 5-point scale. It has been proposed to replace pork fat by the fat substitute, according to the recipe developed by the authors. The obtained fat substitute based on sodium alginate does not melt during heat treatment and does not create an unpleasant aftertaste. At the same time, its cost is much lower than that of pork. The effect of fat substitute on organoleptic, physico-chemical (MRC) and structural-mechanical parameters (YPV) is shown. The project design documents (TC, TI) have been developed.
Fish products play an essential role in ensuring food security as one of the most important components of human nutrition. Irreplaceability and special value of fish is determined by its well-balanced chemical composition. First of all, it is a source of complete protein. Currently, aquaculture is one of the fastest growing areas of bioresources development. Carp is the main object of pond fish farming in the Kaliningrad region. Processing carp with good rheological properties will have a great practical importance in the production of minced fish and its further use in semi-finished products and culinary products. One of the promising areas for the growth of processing technologies is manufacturing products ready for consumption, that is why the development of technology for semi-finished fish products from carp is very promising. Fish wastes processing has also been widely developed and used in the produc-tion of various food products. There are presented the results of determining the shelf life of semi-finished fish products (sausages) with and without fat substitute based on the sanitary-microbiological and organoleptic studies using the developed method and a 5-point scale. It has been proposed to replace pork fat by the fat substitute, according to the recipe developed by the authors. The obtained fat substitute based on sodium alginate does not melt during heat treatment and does not create an unpleasant aftertaste. At the same time, its cost is much lower than that of pork. The effect of fat substitute on organoleptic, physico-chemical (MRC) and structural-mechanical parameters (YPV) is shown. The project design documents (TC, TI) have been developed.
Keywords:
semi-finished fish products, fat substitute, shelf life, aquaculture, carp
semi-finished fish products, fat substitute, shelf life, aquaculture, carp
Introduction
The main objective of aquaculture development is, first of all, sustainable and regular providing the population with fish products that are accessible to people with different income levels, as well as meeting the needs for high quality products. There is a tendency to replace consumption of seafood with aquaculture products. Carp fish provide the largest share of freshwater aquaculture production in the Russian Federation. However, due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure and
a large number of bones, carp is sold mainly in uncut form. Therefore, in order to maximize the use of carp meat, it is proposed to produce minced semi-finished products from it. This will open up new opportunities in the field of rational use of fish raw materials. Carp meat can be separated from the bones using a neopress, which will separate the fish meat from its unclaimed parts. As a result of the neopress, the minced meat is homogeneous, without scales and bones.
One of the promising areas of the fish processing
industry is producing semi-finished fish products. Nowadays, the assortment of semi-finished products is
constantly changing and growing. The pace of life
of a modern person increases the demand for products that require a minimum time spending. Preparation
of semi-finished products allows improving the taste
of the product and increasing the range of fish products. Semi-finished products prepared for frying are popular with the population since they are most convenient for both picnics and everyday use due to their ease of preparation and relatively low price.
Fat is one of the most popular types of raw materi-als used in the production of meat products. Fat creates
a unique pattern on the cut. The use of fat substitute, which includes a multifunctional mixture of MEATPRO M 750 based on sodium alginate and veg-etable oil, will allow to obtain a product of high and stable quality at the output, since it is resistant to heat, which is important when developing products for grill-ing [1].
The purpose of the present work is to substantia-tion of the use of fat substitute in the production
of semi- finished fish products.
In conformity with the purpose set, the following research tasks have been assigned:
– development of a score scale for quality assess-ment;
– study of the effect of fat substitute on organoleptic, physico-chemical and structural-mechanical parameters;
– substantiation of the shelf life of semi-finished fish products with fat substitute.
Object and methods of research
The objects of the research were samples of semi-finished fish products with fat substitute and those without fat substitute (control) for grilling. During the experiment, a batch of semi-finished products (grilled fish sausages) has been produced, where the main raw material has been common carp (Cyprinus carpio) according to GOST 814-2019 [2] and auxiliary com-ponents, such as dietary fiber (Kametsel FS 180) ob-tained by import, approved for use by the Office
of Rospotrebnadzor and flavoring mixture RUTAFISH mixture 6, made according to TR 10.84.12-004-56746846-14. Vegetable (sunflower) oil according to GOST 1129-2013 [3] has been used as a fat-containing component in manufacturing of fat substitute. The fat structure is provided by the addition of MEATPRO
M 750 with sodium alginate. To determine the shelf life, samples of semi-finished fish products have been prepared, which, after molding and sedimentation, have been boiled to a temperature of 71 ± 1°C in the center of the product and packed under vacuum.
The expected shelf life is 10 days at 0-2°C.
The product has been controlled at the background point, on the 6th, 10th and 13th days according to
MG 4.2.2046-06 [4]. The organoleptic characteristics
of semi-finished fish products were evaluated through-out the entire storage period, except for the stock point, according to the developed point scale. The yield point has been determined using a hand-held portable penetrometer according to GOST R 50814-95 [5]. The moisture content and moisture retaining power (MRP) have been established according to GOST 7636-85 [6]. Sanitary and microbiological studies have been carried out using the following methods: the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms has been determined according to GOST 10444.15-94 [7], coli-form bacteria – according to GOST 31747-2012 [8], S. aureus – according to GOST 31746-2012 [9], sulfite-reducing clostridia – according to GOST 29185-2014 [10], Proteus bacteria – according to GOST 28560-90 [11], molds and yeasts – according to GOST 10444.12-2013 [12], Salmonella bacteria – according to GOST 31659-2012 (ISO 6579: 2002) [13], Listeria monocytogenes – according to GOST 32031-2012 [14].
Results and discussion
Moisture retaining power is one of the most impor-tant indicators of semi-finished products, which are further subjected to additional processing before use. As a result of heat treatment, part of the moisture and fat is separated, which can be expressed as weight loss or purge. Such organoleptic indicators as juiciness, tenderness and losses during heat treatment depend on the MRP. The values of water-holding capacity
of samples of semi-finished fish products during stor-age are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dynamic pattern of MRP: WHC – water holding capacity
It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the value of the MRP decreases over time. Samples of semi-finished fish products, which contain fat substitute, have higher water-holding capacity than control ones. This is due to the fact that fat substitute contains sodium alginate, which binds water well, and an increase in the water-holding capacity of the sample is probably associated with this.
As an objective indicator of consistency, the yield point value (YPV) is used, which has been calculated according to GOST R 50814-95. This indicator can be used to assess the quality of minced meat and finished products. Measurements were taken on an optical projection scale in degrees of penetration, where the degree of penetration is 0.1 mm. The results are pre-sented in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Dynamic pattern of the yield point, Pa
From the data presented in Fig. 2, it can be seen that over time, the YPV decreases. This is due not only to a decrease in MRP, but also to an increase in expo-sure time. A sample with the addition of fat substitute is less susceptible to the YPV changes compared to the control one.
To assess the quality of samples of semi-finished fish products, a technique [15] has been used and
a 5-point scale has been developed. The main principle of quality assessment is to highlight the features that characterize non-standard products. Deviations of se-
mi-finished fish products that may result from the addition of fat substitute have been identified.
Points have been set in the following order: 5 – full compliance with the requirements; 4 – single minor inconsistencies; 3 – numerous minor inconsistencies;
2 – significant inconsistencies; 1 – gross inconsisten-cies; 0 – not subject to evaluation. Samples with
a score below 3 (inclusive) were not standard and should not be implemented. For identified inconsisten-cies, points have been reduced taking into account severity of the defect, options for reducing the score are given in Table 1.
Table 1
5-point scale of organoleptic quality assessment
Appearance а
5 – straight or slightly curved loaves, without damage to the shell, slips, spots, sagging minced fish
Irregular shaped products 4 3 2 – Presence of bacon or minced fish on the
surface of the shell 4 3 2 –
A product with dirty surface – 3 2 – Slimming of the shell – – – 0
Shell breaks – 3 2 – – – – – –
Sectional view b
5 – Minced fish is evenly mixed, without voids; in the presence of fat - it does not separate from the minced fish and is well connected with muscle tissue
Minced fish is not well mixed 4 3 2 – Fat in separated from minced fish 4 3 2 –
Presence of foreign matter – 3 2 – Fat is unevenly distributed 4 3 2 –
Indistinct cut pattern 4 3 2 – – – – – –
Presence of voids in minced fish 4 3 2 – – – – – –
Color c
5 – uniformly colored muscle tissue from gray to light pink; in the presence of fat – the color of the fat is white or with a pinky shade
Heterogeneous color 4 3 2 – Insufficiently expressed color 4 3 – –
Overly bright color 4 3 2 – – – – – –
The color is not typical for this type
of product 4 3 2 – – – – – –
Taste and smell d
5 – characteristic of this type of product, with the aroma of spices, without foreign taste and smell, the taste is moderately salty
Predominance of the taste of indi-vidual components in minced fish 4 3 2 – Prevalence of the smell of:
– spices
– other components 4 3 – –
Taste of oxidized fat – – 2 1 No strong smell of:
– species
– other components 4 3 – –
Foreign flavor not characteristic
of this product – – 2 1 Acrid taste of smoke – – 2 1
The taste of individual components
in minced fish is not pronounced 4 3 – – Putrid smell – – – 0
Smell of mold or yeast – – – 0 – – – – –
Consistency e
5 – dense
Too dense consistency 4 3 2 – Rubber-like 4 3 2 –
Soft, mealy 4 3 2 – Crumbly 4 3 2 –
Spreadable 4 3 2 – – – – – –
The overall score is calculated by the formula
Fish semi-finished products tasting assessment results are shown in the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Organoleptic evaluation of samples of semi-finished fish products in storage:
а – background; b – 6th day; c – 10th day; d –13th day
As can be seen from Fig. 3, both samples have got high marks. The presence of fat substitute did not cause negative assessments among the tasters, on the contrary, the sample with fat substitute turned out to be juicier and attractive.
To determine the compliance of semi-finished fish products with microbiological safety indicators, the regulatory parameters provided for by TR TI 021/2011 and TR EAEU have been used [16, 17]. Microbiological tests have been carried out during the entire period of storage of samples, taking into account the reserve ratio.
During the entire period of storage, sanitary indica-tive bacteria of the intestinal group (coliforms), oppor-tunistic (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus bacteria) and pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes bacteria) have not been detected in the control sample and in the sample with fat substitute, which confirms their sanitary security.
The dynamic pattern of QMAFAnM indicator in the samples of semi-finished fish products during stor-age is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Change of QMAFAnM indictor in samples of semi-finished fish products
Control day Regulatory value, CFU/g Control sample, CFU/g Sample with fat substitute, КОЕ/г
Background 1 • 105 Less than 10
6th day Less than 10
10th day Less than 10
13th day 3,5 • 102 5,9 • 103
During the entire storage period, both for the con-trol sample and for the sample with fat substitute, pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella, L. monocyto-genes bacteria) have not been detected. Coliforms, S. aureus, Proteus bacteria have not also been detected in all samples of the product.
The results presented in Table 2 show that the pro-totypes during storage have microbial contamination lower than the standard value. After 10 days of stor-age, growth of microflora has been observed. The mi-croflora of the samples is represented mainly by Bacil-lus bacteria, which formed large membranous colonies on fish-peptone agar.
No significant difference has been found in the mi-crobial contamination of the control sample and the sample with fat substitute, which shows the possibility of its use. Based on the data obtained, the shelf life
of semi-finished fish products has been established, which is 10 days at temperatures from 0 to 2°C.
Conclusions
1. Influence of the fat substitute on the indicators of MRP and YPV has been studied. It has been shown that addition of fat substitute increases MRP and re-duces YPV, which indicates a juicier consistency and fewer losses during heat treatment.
2. A 5-point scale for organoleptic quality assess-ment has been developed. The study of changes in organoleptic indicators bears evidence of a good stor-age capacity without signs of spoilage within the pre-scribed period. Study of changes in organoleptic pa-rameters indicates the storage capacity of fish semi-finished products without signs of spoilage at a stated time.
3. Shelf life of semi-finished fish products has been established, which is 10 days at a temperature from
0 to 2°С.
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