PRACTISE OF ORGANIZING LAKE COMMERCIAL FISH FARMS IN CONDITIONS OF LAKE OZGENT
Авторы:
1.
ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства»
(старший научный сотрудник лаборатории аквакультуры)
Россия
Россия
2.
ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства»
(директор Аральского филиала)
3.
ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства»
(научный сотрудник Аральского филиала)
Россия
Россия
4.
ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства»
(главный ученый секретарь)
Россия
Россия
Тип:
Статья
Страницы:
с 90
по 96
Статус:
Опубликован
Получено:
17.06.2021
Одобрено:
17.06.2021
Опубликовано:
17.06.2021
Классификаторы:
УДК 63 Сельское хозяйство. Лесное хозяйство. Охота. Рыбное хозяйство
Язык материала:
русский, английский
Ключевые слова:
рыболовство, озеро Озгент, гидрохимические показатели, карповые рыбы, выращивание, прирост
Финансирование:
This research has is funded by the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. BR10264236 Scientific-technological support for the integrated development of aquaculture in Kazakhstan through the implementation of innovative technologies and new fish-farming objects).
Аннотация (русский):
Приведены результаты исследований, проведенных на оз. Озгент (Кызылординская обл.). Были собраны и проанализированы данные гидрохимического режима озера, ионного состава, данные о содержании биогенных соединений, кислородном и термическом режимах. Проведена оценка кормовой базы и современного состояния ихтиофауны. По полученным данным были разработаны рекомендации по использованию оз. Озгент, проведены рекомендованные мелиоративные мероприятия (мелиоративный лов, ремонт гидросооружений) и зарыбление рыбопосадочным материалом карповых рыб. По итогам работ установлено, что в условиях оз. Озгент абсолютный прирост за 5 месяцев выращивания (по экстенсивной технологии, при использовании только естественной кормовой базы) составил 385,6 г у карпа, 301,4 г у белого толстолобика и 428,7 г у белого амура. При организации полного вылова товарной рыбы общая рыбопродуктивность оз. Озгент составит 101,9 кг/га, из них по карпу – 43,4 кг/га, по амуру – 13,5 кг/га, по белому толстолобику – 45 кг/га. Прирост выращенной рыбы в оз. Озгент соответствует биотехническим нормативам по выращиванию рыб в нагульных озерах в поликультуре
Приведены результаты исследований, проведенных на оз. Озгент (Кызылординская обл.). Были собраны и проанализированы данные гидрохимического режима озера, ионного состава, данные о содержании биогенных соединений, кислородном и термическом режимах. Проведена оценка кормовой базы и современного состояния ихтиофауны. По полученным данным были разработаны рекомендации по использованию оз. Озгент, проведены рекомендованные мелиоративные мероприятия (мелиоративный лов, ремонт гидросооружений) и зарыбление рыбопосадочным материалом карповых рыб. По итогам работ установлено, что в условиях оз. Озгент абсолютный прирост за 5 месяцев выращивания (по экстенсивной технологии, при использовании только естественной кормовой базы) составил 385,6 г у карпа, 301,4 г у белого толстолобика и 428,7 г у белого амура. При организации полного вылова товарной рыбы общая рыбопродуктивность оз. Озгент составит 101,9 кг/га, из них по карпу – 43,4 кг/га, по амуру – 13,5 кг/га, по белому толстолобику – 45 кг/га. Прирост выращенной рыбы в оз. Озгент соответствует биотехническим нормативам по выращиванию рыб в нагульных озерах в поликультуре
Ключевые слова:
рыболовство, озеро Озгент, гидрохимические показатели, карповые рыбы, выращивание, прирост
рыболовство, озеро Озгент, гидрохимические показатели, карповые рыбы, выращивание, прирост
Introduction
To ensure the economic efficiency of the developed lake commercial fish farms (LCFF), it is necessary to improve biotechnical schemes and techniques of lake-commodity fisheries adapted to the conditions of a particular region and a particular lake. As showed the practice of commodity fish breeding, the biotechnical schemes and receptions of aquaculture developed in other countries and earlier
in Kazakhstan are not always effective in modern economic conditions of our country, and demand adaptation to the conditions of the particular reservoirs. The Kyzylorda region has the optimal climatic conditions for lake-commodity fisheries, which allows to consider this region as the most perspective for development of lake-commodity fisheries, able to receive valuable fish products in a year. The region has considerable water areas, which are very perspective and economic for maintaining LCFF.
Materials and methods
There were selected the hydrochemical, hydrobiological, fish-breeding and biological and icthy-ological samples in the necessary volume. Determining the number and location of stations for sam-pling was carried out, according to the methodical recommendations on collecting and processing the materials during hydrobiological and hydrochemical research [1–3]. The analysis of the hydrological mode of reservoirs was carried out by measuring the average and maximum depths and water level. Tests were selected at the stations from a surface layer. Hydrochemical researches included definition of the gas mode of water, as well as its physical and chemical properties. Also the ionic and biogenic composition of water was identified. Sampling and defining the physicochemical, hydrochemical indicators (salt structure) were made, according to the typical state standard specifications and techniques, for classification of waters there was used O. A. Alekin's scheme [2]. Quantitative samples of zooplankton and zoobenthos were taken and treated in accordance with the “methodological manual for hydrobiological fisheries studies of the water bodies of Kazakhstan (plankton, zoobenthos)” [3]. Zooplankton was selected by Jedi's network with a vertical stretching from a bottom to a surface. The samples were processed in Bogorov's camera; all species of zooplankton were counted and measured. The definition of various groups of organisms was carried out on the corresponding determinants [4–6]. For calculating the biomass there were used the equations given in the work of E. V. Balushkina and
G. G. Vinberg [5]. The macrozoobenthos was selected by Petersen's bottom-grab. The definition
of organisms was carried out by the available determinants [4–6]. The biomass of separate groups was defined by weighing the torsion scales. An assessment of level of a trophy of communities is given according to S. P. Kitayev [7]. The processing of ichthyological material was carried out by the standard techniques. Collecting the material was carried out from research net non-aqueous catches, counted
and weighed [8–10].
The collection of fish-breeding and biological data and their processing were carried out by the standard techniques [11–13]. The technology of receiving sexual products was made by a factory method also by the standard techniques [11]. Gain of the grown-up fishes was determined by the re-sults of control catch. The statistical and technological works of domestic and foreign authors were used [14, 15].
Results and their discussion
Physiographic and morphometric characteristics of Lake Ozgent. Lake Ozgent is located in Zhanakurgansky district a /d of Ozgent of the Kyzylorda region, the lower Syrdariya river at distance of 18 km from Zhanakurgan also belongs to the Kandaraly system of lakes. The area of a water mirror during a research was made 130 hectares, the length - 3.5 km, the width - 250 m. The flood of Lake Ozgent goes from the Syrdariya river to the collector Musahan with a water outlet length of 1.5 km to the lake. In the main, the water work occurs from April to September. On the inflow there is a gateway regulator. The maximum depth at a research made 4 m, average depth - 1.2 m. The overwater vegetation is developed averagely, mainly represented by the Potamogeton perfoliatus and Persicaria amphibia. The coastline is overgrown with reed-bush vegetation, which makes 30℅ of water coatings. According to the classification (zoning) of lakes accepted in RK for lake commodity fish breeding, Lake Ozgent refers to the III lake-commercial fishing area.
Hydrochemical mode of Lake Ozgent. Sampling and studying hydrochemical parameters were carried out on all water area of the Ozgent Reservoir. The central open part of the reservoir is charac-terized by a high transparency of water. The transparency of water on the disk Sekki changed ranging from 0.9 up to 1.1 m. According to the analysis results, the general hardness of water made
15 mol/dm3, which demonstrates a rigid value, characteristic of many reservoirs with water supply from the Syrdarya river. The content of dissolved oxygen was within normal saturation, average val-ue on the lake is 6.58 mg/dm3. In general, the oxygen mode is favorable for hydrobionts, which is typical for this reservoir. On all water area of the lake carbon dioxide was absent. Content of organic matter was in limits of 3.08 mg O/dm3, increase in water level during the spring periods with
increase in volume of water masses, because of high floods on the rivers, obviously, promote reduc-tion of the concentration of products of destruction of the water plants. Hydrochemical indicators of Lake Ozgent are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Hydrochemical indicators of Lake Ozgent
рН О2, mg/dm3 СО2 Permanganate Oxidability, мгО/dm3 Biogenic compounds, mg/dm3 Heavy metals, mg/dm3 Mineralization, mg/dm3
NO2 NO3 Pb Cd Cu Zn As
7,00 6,58 abs 3,08 0,2 0,5 abs abs abs 0,043 abs 1 612
The water on the lake differed by the low content of biogenous compounds. The content of ni-trites was registered in concentration 0.2 mg/dm3, and nitrates - 0.5 mg/dm3, which testifies the excesses of the nitrite ions for the values of fishery maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The ionic composition in the lake water, according to O. A. Alekin's qualification, is saltish, by a chloride class to magnesium group, in the summer in rare instances it passes in the calcium-sodium group. In general, the ionic composition of the lake water is stable both on seasons, and on the water area of a reservoir.
Analysis of a food supply of fishes in Lake Ozgent
Zooplankton. Plankto-fauna of the reservoir during summer observations included four groups of organisms - rotifer (Rotatoria), two groups of copepoda of crustaceans (Diaptomidae and Cy-clopidae) and crustaceans (Cladocera). The largest frequency of occurrence characterized the follow-ing types: Brachionus angularis Gosse (1851), Keratella quadrata (Müller, 1786), Keratella valga (Echrenberg, 1834), Cyclops vicinus Uljanin (1875), Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller), Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller). Data on the number and biomass of zooplankton of Lake Ozgent are giv-en in Table 2.
Table 2
Quantitative characteristic (number, biomass) of the main groups
of zooplankton of Lake Ozgent
Group name Number, exp/m3 Biomass, mg/m3
Rotatoria 23 000 8,02
Diaptomidae 1 250 128,00
Cyclopidae 33 808 332,91
Cladocera 19 941 195,79
Total 77 999 664,21
As it can be seen from the Table, the total number of zooplankton during the summer period was 77 999 ex/m3, the general biomass - 664.21 mg/m3. The level of quantitative development of planktonic organisms corresponded to low feeding of fishes. Biological indicators on a condition of zooplankton (according to a trophy scale of S. P. Kitayev [7]) characterized Lake Ozgent as a reservoir of a low class, β-oligotrophic type.
Macrozoobenthos. The level of average depth of the lake in sampling points of a macrozooben-thos was about 3 m, the transparency of water - 1.4 m, the average temperature of water thickness of the top layer - 2.3 °C. As for the soil types, the yellow clay silt was most widespread. During the re-search period in a macrozoobenthos of the lake there were two groups of invertebrates - unavythine-colored ring worms Annelidas (Oligochaeta) and larvae of dipterous insects of the Chironomidae family. Singly encountered oligochettes were represented by the Tubificidae family. Chironomid larvae included Chironominae's subfamily, consisting of two tribes - Tanytarsini (Micropsectra Kieffer, 1911) and Chironomini (genus Chironomus Meigen, 1803). The number and biomass data of the main groups of a macrozoobenthos in Lake Ozgent are given in Table 3.
Table 3
Quantitative characteristic (number, biomass) of the main groups
of a macrozoobenthos of Lake Ozgent
Group of organisms Number, exp/m2 Biomass, g/m2
Oligochaeta 40 0,4
Chironomidae 380 5,72
Total 420 6,12
Apparently from the table, the value of total number of a macrozoobenthos reached 420 ex/m2, the general biomass made 6.12 g/m2. On the level of residual spring biomass of fodder invertebrates Lake Ozgent is the average for fish-bentophagov and refers to the average class, β-mezotrophic type (on a scale of a trophy of S. P. Kitayev [7]).
Modern structure of a fish fauna of Lake Ozgent. According to experimental catches in 2020 and also share materials of previous years, the fish fauna of Lake Ozgent is presented by the following types - sazan, pike perch, silver carp, bream, crucian, Asp. (Aspius), small fry, chekhon. The main trade types are sazan, small fry, Asp. A short biological characteristic of these types is given below. The specific names and the statuses of the designation of fishes are submitted in Table 4.
Table 4
The species composition and the status of designation of fishes in general on the basin
Name of type Status
Aral roach Rutilus rutilus aralensis Berg Commercial, aboriginal
East вream Abramis brama orientalis Berg Commercial, aboriginal
Aral Sazan Cyprinus caspio aralensis Spitshakow Commercial, aboriginal
Rudd Scardinus erythropthalmus Commercial, aboriginal
Chekhon Pelecus cultratus Linne Commercial, aboriginal
Silver crucian Carassius auratus (Linne) Commercial, aboriginal
Aral asp. Aspius aspius iblioides Aboriginal, rare
Pike perch ordinary Stizostedion lucioperca Linne Commercial, aboriginal
Perch ordinary Perca fluviatilis Linne Commercial, aboriginal, rare
Pike Esox lucius Linne Commercial, aboriginal
Turkestan ide Leuciscus idus oxianus (Kessler) Commercial, aboriginal
Snakehead Channa argus Warpachowskii Berg Commercial, introdicated, rare
Grass carp Ctenopharingodon idella Commercial, introdicated, rare
White silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenc. Commercial, introdicated
Сatfish Silurus glanis Linne Commercial, rare, aboriginal
White eye Abramis sapa (Pallas) Commercial, rare, aboriginal
For the period of research work on Lake Ozgent in the fishing instruments, the following fish species were not found: catfish, perch, pike, snakehead, rudd. Thus, the research of a fish fauna of the lake showed that there live 8 commercial fish species. At the same time, in five commercial species, except Asp. (Aspius) and pike perch, nutrition is similar.
Recommendations on the rational operation of Lake Ozgent in the LCFF mode. The condi-tions of Lake Ozgent e today (at construction of hydraulic engineering constructions) meet the re-quirements of Criteria of reference of fishery reservoirs and (or) their sites to reservoirs and (or) sites for conducting trade fishery, amateur (sports) fishery, lake commercial fish farms, cage fish-breeding economy (approv. by the Order of the deputy of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan of August 15, 2017 No. 336. No. 15697), it is registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan on September 18, 2017.
To increase the efficiency of using a reservoir it is necessary to grow up the valuable fish spe-cies, which are in demand in this area. For effective operation of Lake Domalak there are given the following recommendations:
– it is necessary to make the maximum catch to decrease the number of the invaluable (weed) fish fauna;
– cleaning the reservoir from the massive water vegetation;
– stocking of the reservoir with valuable commercial species of fish - carp and herbivorous fish-es (with landing density from calculation carp of 100-250 pieces/hectare; white silver carp of
100-200 pieces/hectare; grass carp of 20-400 pieces/hectare) and other valuable types in the long term [14, 15]. The commodity cultivation of fish will be carried out at the expense of a natural food supply;
– to put protecting lattices on a water inlet in order to prevent from penetration non-commercial fish fauna (weed). Here, put the gateway regulator to preserve the agricultural fish species (valuable).
Stocking and carp fishes cultivation in polyculture on the lake Ozgent in the conditions of lake and commodity fish-breeding economy. The meliorative works on preparation of the lake Ozgent were performed not in full in view of short deadlines. Before stocking and during the vegetative season the works on improvement of conditions of cultivation of fishes - cleaning of the highest water vegetation, partial repair of hydroconstructions were conducted. The Stocking of the lake Ozgent was carried out in the middle of April according to these recommendations. The stocking was carried out from calculation on 1 hectare 450 pieces of a fish stock. From them the yearling of carp with an average weight of 27.5 grams – 19 500 pieces, the yearling of white silver carp weighing 20 grams – 26 000 pieces, the yearling of grass carp weighing 20 grams – 13 000 pieces. During cultivation in the lake carried out control of gain of fishes. The analysis of results of cultivation of carp fishes in the conditions of the lake Ozgent showed that this reservoir can be used both for one-year and for two years' cultivation of products of carp fishes (see Table 5).
Table 5
Results of cultivation of yearlings of a carp and herbivorous fishes in Lake Ozgent
Index Type of fish
Carp White silver carp Grass carp
The duration of cultivation, day 158
Piece, g (x ± m):
when landing
at the last control catch
27,5 ± 4,9
413,1 ± 12,8
20,0 ± 2,2
321,4 ± 9,9
20 ± 3,8
448,7 ± 10,1
Absolute increase, g 385,6 301,4 428,7
Average daily increase, g 2,44 1,9 2,7
Landing density, exp/ha 150 200 100
The coefficient of commercial return,% 70 70 30
Planned fish productivity in 2020, kg/ha 43,4 45 13,5
Overall fish productivity, kg/ha 101,9
Implemented fish product standards adopted for southern zone, kg/ha [15] 120
However, the average weight of the grown-up two-year-old carps and herbivorous fishes is not in demand in the market. It is possible to organize a partial catch of large fish by installing the network, which will have a positive effect on the growth of the remaining fish.
Conclusions
The analysis of results of cultivating two-year-old carp species in the conditions of Lake Oz-gent showed that pure gain in 5 months of cultivation (on extensive technology when using only the natural food supply) was 385.6 g at carp, 301.4 g at white silver carp and 428.7 g at grass carp. Due to organization of full catch of commodity fish the overall fish productivity of Lake Ozgent will make 101.9 kg/hectare, of them on carp - 43.4 kg/hectare, along grass carp - 13.5 kg/hectare and white silver carp - 45 kg/hectare. The gain of the grown-up fish in Lake Ozgent corresponds to biotechnical standards for cultivation of fishes in feeding lakes in polyculture.
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