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LIMIT REFERENCE POINTS OF FISHING PARAMETERS IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS OF KAZAKHSTAN
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LIMIT REFERENCE POINTS OF FISHING PARAMETERS IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS OF KAZAKHSTAN
УДК 63 Сельское хозяйство. Лесное хозяйство. Охота. Рыбное хозяйство
Куликов Евгений Вячеславович 1
Ассылбекова Сауле Жангировна 2
Исбеков Куаныш Байболатович 3
Авторы:
1.  ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства» (кандидат биологических наук; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории ихтиологии)

2.  ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства» (д-р биол. наук, доцент; зам. генерального директора)

3.  ТОО «Научно-производственный центр рыбного хозяйства» (доктор биологических наук, доцент; генеральный директор)

Тип:
Статья
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2021-2-41-46
Страницы:
с 41 по 46
Статус:
Опубликован
Получено:
17.06.2021
Одобрено:
17.06.2021
Опубликовано:
17.06.2021
Классификаторы:
УДК 63 Сельское хозяйство. Лесное хозяйство. Охота. Рыбное хозяйство
Язык материала:
русский
Ключевые слова:
рыболовство, промысел, интенсивность, водные объекты, нормы промысловых усилий, официальный улов, орудия лова
Финансирование:
Grant No. ВР10264205 Comprehensive evaluation of fishery resourses and hydrobionts of water basins of Kazakhstan and development of evidence-based recommendations for their sustainability.
Аннотация и ключевые слова
Аннотация (русский):
Рассматриваются проблемы регулирования промыслового рыболовства в водоемах Казахстана. Из анализа данных рыболовства в крупных водоемах Республики Казахстан следует, что наряду с естественными изменениями состояния рыбных запасов (например, при понижении уровня воды в водоеме) наибольшее влияние на состояние рыбных запасов оказывает интенсивность промысла. В настоящее время существовавший ранее ограничитель в виде режима лова (количество орудий лова и количество рыбаков) полностью выпал из-под контроля механизмов промысла. Улов рыбы орудиями лова, доступными рыбакам, по некоторым данным, в 1,5–2 раза больше установленных лимитов. Таким образом, возможный улов рыбы значительно превышает зарегистрированный (официальный) улов. Предлагается использовать регулирование режима рыболовства (количество орудий лова, рыболовных судов, рыбаков) как меру, определяющую пределы безопасного усилия и ограничивающую неучтенный вылов на водоемах. Количество рыбаков на водоеме должно не только соответствовать критериям безопасного промысла, но и позволять рыболовным организациям вести рентабельный промысел. Приведен расчет максимально допустимых значений показателей эффективности лова (граничных ориентиров промыслового усилия).

Ключевые слова:
рыболовство, промысел, интенсивность, водные объекты, нормы промысловых усилий, официальный улов, орудия лова
Текст
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Introduction The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries was developed and adopted on October 31, 1995 [1]. To date, the precautionary approach has been adopted by all leading international fisheries management organizations as the basis of its fishing policy. In particular, the states should clearly define for themselves a specific target and limit reference points for a particular fish stock and, at the same time, actions should be taken if the limits are exceeded, right up to the moratorium on fishing. This means that fishing should be allowed only within biologically safe values [2–17]. Allowable fishing intensity in the water bodies of Kazakhstan is determined by the value of total allowable catches (TAC). In practice, the limits and quotas are the only measures to regulate fishing effort in both Kazakhstan and Russia. Unlike Russia, in Kazakhstan users are assigned not catch quotas, but water bodies or part of their water area. Thus, such a pre-existing limiter as the fishing regime (the number of fishing gear and fisher-men) completely fell out of the control mechanisms of fishing. In 2015–2017, the Fisheries Research and Production Center conducted studies to determine the limit reference points for the stock in order to develop a strategy for careful stock management and sustainable fishing in the main fishing reservoirs of Kazakhstan [18]. It is necessary to establish (and put into practice) the lease of water bodies by users and to conclude the fishing agreements within safe effort that allow, on the one hand, the efficient use of available stocks, and, on the other hand, prevent their reduction. Materials and methods The material for our work was studies in the large fishing reservoirs of the Republic of Kazakh-stan: lakes Balkash, Zhaysan, Alakol, Sasykkol; Bukhtarma, Kapshagai, Shardara reservoirs, the Small Aral Sea, the Ural and Kigash rivers during 2015-2019. In total, more than 2000 fishing efforts (catch with fixed nets and seines) were analyzed. The collection of ichthyological material was carried out according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendations and methods accepted in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) [19, 20]. We analyzed not only the number of different fishing gears among users, but also their actual use in different seasons of the year; recorded catch on effort. Results and discussion The official catch in Kazakhstan is 45 thousand tons, with an estimated total allowable catch of 60-65 thousand tons, while in the middle of the last century up to 100 thousand tons were caught. The official fish catch does not always correspond to the actual one. As in other countries, in Kazakhstan there is the so-called IUU catch (illegal, unreported and unregulated), which is one of the main problems of the fishing industry. At the same time, there is no mechanism for monitoring and regulating the unreported catch, which, according to experts, is very significant. Table 1 shows our calculations of the possible catch of fish by fishing gear at fishing enterprises in the main fishing ponds (based on materials of 2017). Table 1 Estimated fish catch in water bodies of Kazakhstan Ponds Gear used, units Amount of efforts Estimated catch, tons Official catch, tons Fish nets Fishing vent Seines Ural River and the coastal part of the Northern Caspian Sea 19 285 11 175 24 2 487 765 13 019 6 498 Lake Zhaysan 24 217 – 156 4 874 600 26 256 4 617 Buhtarma Reservoir 2 937 – 22 591 800 1 780 1 931 Lake Balkhash 8 768 – 55 8 89 700 11 102 5 874 Small Aral Sea 1 2620 – – 3 155 000 12 620 6 469 Shardara Reservoir – – 12 7 200 2 160 1 085 The estimated catch is found by multiplying the amount of effort and the average catch by the effort. The number of fishing gear allows fishermen to catch fish 1.5-2 times more than the estab-lished limits. Thus, the possible catch of fish by fishing gear available to fishermen significantly ex-ceeds the recorded (official) catch. The Fisheries Research and Production Center has developed recommendations on the introduction of norms for the permissible number of gear, fishing equip-ment and fishermen for reservoirs and their sections, which served as the basis for the approval in 2018 by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Norms of fishing effort in fishery ponds and (or) areas” (Tables 2, 3). Table 2 Norms of fishing effort in fishery ponds and (or) areas Ponds Amount of nets Amount of seines Amount of fishermen Amount of seiners Amount of boats 1* 2** 1* 2** 1* 2** 1* 2** 1** 2** Ural River – – 2 32 20 320 2 32 6 96 Kigash R. – – 4 28 20 140 2 14 6 42 N. Caspian Sea 300 5 400 300 5 400 30 540 2 36 6 108 Lake Zhaisan 200 1 400 8 56 146 1 022 6 42 12 84 Buhtarma Res. 183 2 019 3 33 40 440 1 11 4 44 Shulba Res. 30 300 1 10 10 100 1 10 4 40 Kapshagai Res. 40 800 1 20 10 200 1 20 4 80 Shardara Res. – – 2 8 16 64 2 8 4 16 S. Aral Sea 400 7 000 – – 40 720 2 36 6 108 Syrdarya River 150 600 1 4 15 60 1 4 4 16 Lake Alakol 40 360 1 9 10 90 1 9 4 36 Lake Sasikkol 20 300 1 15 10 150 1 15 4 60 Lake Koshkarkol 60 60 2 2 20 20 – – 4 4 * – Per 1 fishing site; ** – all fishing sites in pond. Table 3 Norms of fishing effort on Lake Balkhash Number of site Amount of nets Amount of seines Amount of fishermen Amount Boats Seiners 1 314 15 106 11 30 2 403 10 80 13 20 3 527 11 92 17 22 4 431 7 64 15 14 5 276 1 20 9 2 6 545 5 57 18 10 7 473 2 36 16 4 8 201 1 16 7 2 9 201 1 16 7 2 10 101 1 11 3 2 11 128 – 6 4 – Total 3 600 54 504 120 108 However, immediately after the introduction of the standards they were sharply criticized by users of fishery ponds and fishing sites. This is understandable, since the possibility of using an unlimited number of fishing gear in a pond has been eliminated. If a certain number of jobs exist at the production site, then it cannot be arbitrarily increased. However, in some cases, the objections of the fishermen are justified. The approved standards do not take into account the important economic component of the fishery – ensuring its profitability, as well as the recommended ratio of passive and active fishing gear. The number of fishermen in the pond should not only meet the criteria for safe effort, but also allow fishing organizations to conduct profitable fishing. What should be the annual catch for a fisherman, taking into account ensuring the profitability of the enterprise? One fisherman must catch 10 000 kg (10 tons) of fish per year. This figure must be taken into account when calculating the number of fishermen in the reservoir. Depending on the fish productivity of the reservoir, this figure in different reservoirs can vary in one direction or the other, but not significantly. Example. Suppose that the annual TAC on reservoir A is 7 000 tons. Next, we will break down the norms of fishing effort by type of fishing gear and fishermen. According to the results of studies, it was found that in pond A the average catch of 1 seine for effort is 500 kg, and the catch due to the fixed net effort 2.5 kg/day. The fishery’s target in large water bodies is to increase the share of active fishing gear (seines) in the fishery, which, in contrast to fixed nets, ensures the fishery’s indiscriminate harvesting of all fish species and size groups of fish allowed for fishing. It is necessary to ensure that at least 2/3 of the volume of fish caught in the pond is mastered by active fishing gear. So, on reservoir A, we calculate: Active fishing gear caught 5,000 tons (about 70% of the total catch). 5 000 000 / 500 = 10 000 fishing efforts / 200 days = 50 seines per pond (there are 7 fishing sites in the pond, then we take 7 seines per 1 site). The catch by fixed nets is 2 000 tons (about 30% of the total catch). 2000000 / 2.5 = 800000 efforts / 200 days = 4000 nets per reservoir. With a norm of 40 nets (1 km in length) per team of two fishermen, the norm for one fisherman is 20 nets. The number of fishermen in reservoir A will be 50 • 10 + 4 000/20 = 700 fishermen. Further, it is already possible to calculate the need for fishing vessels and boats at the rate of two vessels and two boats for one non-water link and two fishermen and one boat for one net link). Table 4 presents the proposals we have developed to optimize the norms of fishing effort in fishing reservoirs. Table 4 Recommended fishing effort norms for fishing reservoirs of international and national importance Pond Amount, units Nets Seines Fishermen Seiners Boats Ural River – 32 320 32 96 Kigash River – 28 280 28 84 N. Caspian Sea 2 438 37/400 408 33 204 Lake Zhaisan 4 333 51 727 51 210 Buhtarma Res. 3 200 14 300 14 108 Shulba Res. 767 5 68 5 43 Kapshagai Res. 1 400 15 160 15 65 Shardara Res. – 25 250 50 75 Small Aral Sea 7 000 35 700 35 245 Syrdarya River 280 6 50 6 19 Lake Alakol 900 1 50 2 45 Lake Sasykkol 720 6 66 12 36 Lake Koshkarkol – 2 10 4 2 Lake Balkhash 3 600 54 684 108 180 Moreover, the norms have been developed for those reservoirs of international and national im-portance, where commercial fishing is carried out. Conclusion Analysis of data on fishing in large reservoirs of the Republic of Kazakhstan shows that along with natural changes in the state of fish stocks (e.g., when the water level in the reservoir decreases), the intensity of fishing has the greatest impact on the state of fish stocks. Its excessive increase leads to overfishing and falling of fish stocks. The fishing effort just characterizes the absolute or relative intensity of using technical fishing means, its regulation allows to affect the fish stocks. Target indicators of fishing effort serve as a guideline for maintaining various fisheries management systems in working condition. It is necessary to establish (and put into practice of securing sites and concluding fishing agreements) the norms of safe effort (fishing parameters) that allow, on the one hand, the efficient use of available stocks, and, on the other hand, prevent their decline.
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