FEATURES OF CHANGES IN THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE GOLDEN GREY MULLET CHELON AURATUS (RISSO, 1810)
Authors:
1.
Astrakhan State Technical University
(Doctor of Sciences in Biology, Professor; Professor of the Department of Hydrobiology and General Ecology)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
2.
Astrakhan State Technical University
(Candidate of Biology, Assistant of the Department of Hydrobiology and General Ecology)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
3.
Astrakhan State Technical University
(Doctor of Medicine, Professor; Professor of the Department of Hydrobiology and General Ecology)
Type:
Article
Pages:
from 60
to 65
Status:
Published
Received:
20.07.2022
Accepted:
05.09.2022
Published:
28.09.2022
Subject area:
UDK 663 Микробиологические производства. Бродильные производства. Производство напитков (алкогольных, слабоалкогольных и безалкогольных). Производство вкусовых продуктов
Language:
English
Keywords:
golden mullet, liver, spleen, gills, muscles, changes
Abstract (English):
The purpose of the study is to analyze the changes in the internal organs of golden mullet specious caught in May 2022 in the scientific expeditions to the western part of the Caspian Sea. Mature mullets were examined. The caught species were weighed and measured. There were made 152 histological sections of 10 species (liver, spleen, gills, ovaries, muscles). The studied species were 3-4 years old. The collected samples were processed by classical histological techniques. According to the results of the conducted histological research, there have been found the numerous changes in the studied organs that indicate the adaptive capabilities of the fish: microcirculatory disorders (extensions of different sizes and durations in time), different abnormalities in the gills structure (proliferation of multilayer non-keratinizing epithelium of filaments and lamellae usually met in different species in the Volga river today), fatty hepatic degeneration to some degree, hemosiderosis of the spleen. Changes in the epithelium of the gills were estimated as 2.8 points, changes in the spleen – as 3.1 points. Hemosiderosis was also detected in the liver parenchyma; the changes made 2.5 points. Some skeletal muscle fibers were segmented; their change was estimated as 2.5 points. Cardiomyocytes had different thickness; their changes were estimated as 2.3 points. In general, the studied tissue and cell changes of the gill apparatus, liver, spleen, skeletal muscles and ovary indicated the morphological rearrangement caused by the adaptive response of the fish organisms to the environmental conditions.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the changes in the internal organs of golden mullet specious caught in May 2022 in the scientific expeditions to the western part of the Caspian Sea. Mature mullets were examined. The caught species were weighed and measured. There were made 152 histological sections of 10 species (liver, spleen, gills, ovaries, muscles). The studied species were 3-4 years old. The collected samples were processed by classical histological techniques. According to the results of the conducted histological research, there have been found the numerous changes in the studied organs that indicate the adaptive capabilities of the fish: microcirculatory disorders (extensions of different sizes and durations in time), different abnormalities in the gills structure (proliferation of multilayer non-keratinizing epithelium of filaments and lamellae usually met in different species in the Volga river today), fatty hepatic degeneration to some degree, hemosiderosis of the spleen. Changes in the epithelium of the gills were estimated as 2.8 points, changes in the spleen – as 3.1 points. Hemosiderosis was also detected in the liver parenchyma; the changes made 2.5 points. Some skeletal muscle fibers were segmented; their change was estimated as 2.5 points. Cardiomyocytes had different thickness; their changes were estimated as 2.3 points. In general, the studied tissue and cell changes of the gill apparatus, liver, spleen, skeletal muscles and ovary indicated the morphological rearrangement caused by the adaptive response of the fish organisms to the environmental conditions.
Keywords:
golden mullet, liver, spleen, gills, muscles, changes
golden mullet, liver, spleen, gills, muscles, changes
Introduction
The golden grey mullet is distributed in the Atlantic Ocean off the coasts of Europe and Africa, in the Mediterranean, in the Black and Azov Seas. In 1980, it was acclimatized in the Caspian Sea, naturalized and became widespread. In winter it feeds in the Southern Caspian, in spring it rises in the Middle and partly in the Northern Caspian.
Golden grey mullet is detritophagus, also feeds on benthos and algae. It spawns in the Black Sea from mid-July to mid-October, in the Caspian Sea – mainly in September-October; at a distance from the shore up to 30 m meters [1].
Currently, it is an important object of commercial fishery [1-3]. The Russian mullet fishery is concentrat-ed in the Caspian fishery subdistrict on the Dagestan coast of the Caspian Sea. For the period from 2011 to 2020, commercial catches varied from 257.1 to 1 022.9 tons. The average catch was 661.4 tons [2, 3].
Material and methods of research
The material was collected and processed accord-ing to generally accepted methods [4, 5]. The object
of the study was adult individuals of mullet caught in the western part of the Northern Caspian Sea during
a scientific expedition in May 2022. The average length and weight of the fish were, respectively,
35.1 ± 0.42 cm; 0.6 ± 0.14 kg. 10 individuals were selected to assess the condition of internal organs and tissues. A 10% solution of neutral formalin was used to fix histological preparations, poured into paraffin, sections were made 5 micrometers thick, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histological alterations were estimate according to recommendations described by Lesnikov L. A., Chinareva I. D [6]. Microscopy was carried out using an Olympus VN-2 light microscope. Micrography of organ sections was performed using the Soni DC N7 photo nozzle.
Results and discussions
Liver. The trabecular architectonics of the liver has not been preserved. There is a noticeable polymorphic difference in the size of the nuclei of hepatocytes and the cells themselves. But the boundaries between indi-vidual cells have not been revealed due to swelling
of the parenchyma of the organ. Separate large light nuclei with 1-2 nucleoli were found; there were smaller dense dark-colored nuclei. In 10% of the studied fish, lipoid liver dystrophy of varying severity was found, up to lipoid degeneration with subsequent necrosis.
Microcirculatory disorders were found in the liver: small hemorrhages, very small areas of necrosis were noted, many hepatic capillaries were dilated, filled with plasma and shaped blood elements. Rare small granules of hemosiderin are observed (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Fragment of golden gray mullet liver. Hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 880x:
1 – hemosiderin granules; 2 – blood vessels
The spleen. The borders between the white and red pulp are almost not contoured. Relatively large forma-tions of hemosiderin (hemosiderosis) of various sizes and shapes are scattered over the entire surface
of the organ. It should be noted that the total area
of the white pulp exceeds the area of the red one. The entire pulp of the spleen consists of reticular tissue, it contains erythrocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages. The white pulp is interspersed with the red one in the form of rounded, oval and longitudinal islands (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Fragment of the mullet spleen. Hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 220x:
1 – hemosiderin granules; 2 – white pulp
The central parts of the white pulp are defined as lighter areas. It is there that the so-called central arter-ies are located, in the course of these formations, in-tense accumulations of lymphocytes of different stages of development are observed. A significant hemorrhage was found in one of the studied individuals.
Gills. There were 110-120 paired lamellae on each filament; sometimes 4-6 neighboring filaments had no lamellae at all; their surfaces were covered with a con-tinuous layer of multilayered non- horned epithelium, that is, these areas of the gills did not participate in respiratory function. The lamellae themselves were mostly curved. Rounded growths of the respiratory epithelium were noticeable on their tops. Moreover, such an overgrowth was found not only on the tops
of lamellae, but also on the lateral surfaces (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Fragment of a mullet gill. Hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 440x:
1 – proliferation of single-layer respiratory epithelium of lamellae;
2 – proliferation of the multilayer non-horned epithelium of the filament
It should be noted that the lamellae on neighboring filaments differed significantly from each other in length. Sometimes on one filament there were parts with curvature of lamellae or their atrophy, on other parts of this filament there were only epithelial plates without lamellae. Changes were also noted in hyaline plates, which were the basis of filaments, in their thickness and length.
Dorsal skeletal muscles. Long, but not of the same size, muscle fibers were noted, which were located very close to each other. There was a barely noticeable transverse striation and numerous nuclei in these mus-cle fibers. In some areas of muscle mass, fragmenta-tion of muscle fibers was observed, gaps between in-dividual muscle fibers were noticeable, apparently associated with edema of skeletal tissue (Fig. 4).
Ovaries. The ovaries were in the II stage
of maturity (Fig. 5).
Fig. 4. Fragment of mullet muscle. Hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 220x:
1 – transverse striation; 2 – fragmentation of muscle fibers
Fig. 5. Fragment of the mullet ovaries. Hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 440x:
1 – oocytes of the II growth period; 2 – oocytes of the I stage of maturity; 3 – oogonia
The bulk of germ cells in the ovaries are oocytes
of protoplasmic growth. There is a group of cells
of the reserve fund for future spawning: oocytes of the 1st order and oogonia.
Conclusion
As a result of the study, it was noted that the great-est changes were detected in the gills, where the res-piratory epithelium is replaced by a multilayer flat non-corneal. Hemosiderosis was found in the spleens of all the studied fish; moreover, there was a predomi-nance of white pulp over red. Polymorphism of both nuclei and hepatocytes themselves is mainly found in the liver.
The examined fish had various adaptive changes in internal organs (swelling of the tissues of internal organs, overfilling of blood vessels with shaped ele-ments of blood, necrosis of hepatocytes of the liver
of fish, hemosiderosis of the spleen and liver, prolif-eration of the epithelium of the gills). Changes in the gill epithelium were estimated at 2.8 points, intense hemosiderosis was registered in the spleen, which was characterized by numerous accumulations of he-mosiderin on all surfaces of the organ; the assessment of changes was 3.1 points. Hemosiderosis was also detected in the liver parenchyma; the assessment of changes was equal to 2.5 points. Individual skeletal muscle fibers were segmented; their score was 2.5 points. Cardiomyocytes were of different thickness; their changes were estimated at 2.3 points.
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